The two largest veins in the body, returning deoxygenated blood from systemic circulation to the right atrium of the heart.
Structure
The superior vena cava is formed by the union of the left and right brachiocephalic veins behind the first rib. The inferior vena cava forms at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebra from the joining of the common iliac veins and runs alongside the abdominal aorta.
Function
Both veins empty into the right atrium. Unlike arteries, they carry blood at low pressure, relying on skeletal muscle contraction, thoracic pressure changes, and one-way venous valves to maintain return flow.
Tributaries
The superior vena cava collects from the head, neck, arms, and upper chest. The inferior vena cava receives blood from the lower limbs, pelvic organs, kidneys, and liver via the hepatic veins.
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