Nephron

Structure

Each nephron consists of a glomerulus, where filtration occurs, and a long tubule that passes through the proximal tubule, the loop of Henle, the distal tubule, and the collecting duct.

Function

Plasma filters across the glomerular capillaries into the tubule, then most water, glucose, and ions are reclaimed by the tubule cells. Hormones such as aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone adjust how much sodium and water leave the body.

Clinical note

Many kidney diseases ultimately damage the nephron, reducing the kidney’s ability to filter waste and balance electrolytes.